A group of economists from the International Monetary Fund and Monetary Authority of Singapore believe central banks can model the risks of cyber events, even in the absence of data.

In a paper published jointly by the IMF and MAS, the authors note “limited” data availability is often a key challenge for regulators in assessing and monitoring cyber risks.

However, they say there are several “simple” analytical techniques and data sources that policy-makers can use to assess and monitor cyber